Plant Tissue Culture

Tissue culture is the art of growing aseptically isolated plant part as explant in a appropriate medium .A german botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt 1902 gave the concept of tissue culture .Tissue culture involve in vitro culture of any living tissue of the plants on suitable nutrient medium .The culture tissue accelerate to produced cellus(undifferentiated mass of cell) .The is again cultured(subcultured) on suitable nutrient media to induce it for forming embryoids which are than grown into plantlets.The plantlets formed in cultured medium can be transferred to the soil on earthen pots or field .
several type of media have been recommended to use for successful tissue culture.Since every tissue or organ has it special requirement for optimal which indeed to be workout .The most media contains a mixture of inorganic salts (to supply macro and micro elements ),vitamin and sucrose.such medium is commonly called as basal medium .
The ability or the capability of a plants cell to develop into a whole organism or living nucleated plant cell has ability to grow into a complete organism is called cellular totipotency.
Types of tissue  culture
A.Shoot culture :
             Shoot culture involves in vitro culture of apecal meristem ie shoot apex therefor thus technique is known as meristem culture or micro propagation or clonal propagation.It is done for productions of plant by using 1cm long shoot apex is used for this culture .Multiplication of generally identical copies is called clonal propagation.
Advantages of shoot culture
1.Rapid mulitiplication within a short period of time and space
2.Large number of plant can be produce by using single explant.
3.It can be done throughout the year inrespective of seasonal variation .
4.Multiplication of sexually derived sterile hybrids.
Root Culture:
       

 Excised root are generally cultured in liquid medium .It is mainly done for organ production .Liquid medium root culture have more advantage than  solid medium root culture .
Embryo Culture:

Matured embryo  are isolated from ripe seeds and cultured in vitro .Matured embryo carried out in the following condition 

1.When embryo remain dormant for long period of time.

2.Low survive of embryo in vivo.

3.To avoid inhibitition in the seed for germination .

4.For converting sterile seed to viable seed.Seed dormancy is successfully bypassed by culturing the embryo in vitro.

Anther culture :

The motive of anther culture is to produced haploid plants.About 250 species are reported by using this culture .Solanaceae,Cruciferae,Gramineae are most common .The time production of haploid plant using conventional breeding required several year so this technique is used.

Callus culture :

Callus is undifferentiated mass of cell.This culture is usually done in solidified gel medium in presence of growth regulator .Callus formation induced from explant  after surface sterilization and plating onto tissue culture medium in vitro.

Protoplast culture :

Protoplast are most active and biologically most important part of cell.The cell is removed mechanically from the cell ,forming isolated protoplast which is known as naked plant cell.It provide alternative method of improvement of plant.It is one of the few system which can utilized somachonal variation ,somatic hybridization,cybridization and genetic engeneering.