Suman Dahal

Minerals are naturally formed chemical compound having a definite chemical composition ,an ordered internal arrangement of atoms and characteristic crystal form and physical properties .The ore is occurring materials from which a mineral or minerals of economic value can be excracted a profits .A continues well defined mass of minerals of sufficient ore content to make extraction economically feasible. There are several process of minerals /ore deposits 1.Magmatic concentration :              Magma is a molten rock together with a suspanded minerals grain and dissolve gases tgat forms when temperature rise and melting occurs in mentle and crust.Magnatic ore deposit are characteristic by their close relationship with intermediate or deep seated,intrusive igneous rock.Actually,they themselves are igneous rock whose composition happen to be of particular value to man.They constituent either whole igneous mass or a part of it ,or form offset bodies .T...

Gravity survey      Gravity survaying measures  earth gravitational field caused by different in the density of the sub source rocks.Gravity method have been used most extensively in search of oil and gas.While such method are still being used widely in hydrocarbons exploration . Application of gravity survey 1.Hydrocarbon exploration 2.Regional geological studies 3.Isostatic compensation determination 4.Exploration for mass estimation of minerals deposit 5.Detection of sub surface cavities 6.Location of burried rock valley 7.Determination of glacier thickness 8.Tidal oscillations 9.Archaeophysics (micro gravi\) 10.Shape of earth (geodesy) 11.Mililitary espically for missile trajectories 13.Monitoring volcanoes Gravity anonaly       A geophysic area where the gravitational attraction is significantly higher or significantly lower than normal.  So, gravity survey measure the change of rock density by looking at changing in gravit...

Rhizobia ha the ability to fix free atmospheric nitrogen of soil in nodules.They enter in the root through the soft root hair or epidermis by damaging them.In the first stage of infection the bacteria grow very profusely (rapidly)in the tip of the root hair and form the long filament in the root called infection thread.This thread reaches the endodermis and pericycle through cortex.Cell of the cortex area goes on dividing  and  forms new nodules.This young nodules pushes the paranchyma and epidermis towards outside and form small swelling on the surface of root.The size pf root nodule vary according to the plant and their occurrence .It is not necessary all the bacteria ,which infect the root produce nodules. According to Wipf and Cooper(1939) the root nodules always contains twice the number of chromosome as against of normal somatic tissue.If the root lack double number of chromosome ,their will be no formation of root nodules.If plant do not have root nodule it cannot perf...

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks,soil and their minerals through direct contact the earth atmosphere ,water,and living things .Weathering refers to the disintregation and decomposition of rocks in contact with different medium .It is related to the condition at which weathering take place.in other word temperature ,pressure ,rainfall,vegetation covers,rock types,and slope condition are major factor to pormotes weathering . weathering occur in situ(in place ,with no movement )It is the type of erosion .Erosion in where rocks and minerals are moved downward but not in weathering.In nature is continuous struggle for existence as well as supremacy between external of land distruction and internal forces of land deposition.The configuration of earth undergoes regular changes .Rock disintregrate and decomposition and move lower  under gravity and are carried by many factor like running water,glacier,wind waves and tides.All this process through which there is rock wastage and land d...

Enzymes are the chemical catalysts that control verious biochemical reactions, without themselves being changed or utilized in the living beings . Beadle(1948) define enzyme as indispensable compound that play a key role in metabolism by bringing direction and control to the physiological process of living cells.Any change in enzyme component of living cell is immediately reflected changed in the physiological and biochemical process of cell. According to Fairley and Kilgour(1966) biological catalysts are called enzyme and with no known exception ,all enzymes are protein. Devlin(1970) also define the enzymes as organic catalysts which increase the rate of biochemical reactions.All enzymes are protein ,but all proteins are not enzyme . Most of the enzymes produced by all,function within that cell and hence are called intracellular or endoenzymes .However some enzyme are released by living cells and catalize reaction in the cell environment such enzyme are known as extracellular or e...

Nucleic acid :       Nucleic acid molecules are long chain polymers of nucleotides.The nucleic acid are considerable important biological system .Each of nucleic acid consists 3 component .ie Pentose sugar,Nitrogen base,Phosphate. Similarly nucleic acid are of two type.ie Ribose nucleic acid(RNA) and Deoxyribose nucleic acid(DNA). Deoxyribose nucleic acid(DNA):        DNA is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instruction used in the development and functioning of all known living organism .Along with RNA and protein DNA is one of the 3 major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Ribose nucleic acid(RNA):     RNA is function in converting genetic information from genes into a amino acid sequence of protein .There are 3 universal type of RNA ie transfer (tRNA),messenger(mRNA), ribosomal(rRNA) Artificial nucleic acid are analogous has been designed and synthesis by chemist and include peptied nucleic acid,morph...

Tissue culture is the art of growing aseptically isolated plant part as explant in a appropriate medium .A german botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt 1902 gave the concept of tissue culture .Tissue culture involve in vitro culture of any living tissue of the plants on suitable nutrient medium .The culture tissue accelerate to produced cellus(undifferentiated mass of cell) .The is again cultured(subcultured) on suitable nutrient media to induce it for forming embryoids which are than grown into plantlets.The plantlets formed in cultured medium can be transferred to the soil on earthen pots or field . several type of media have been recommended to use for successful tissue culture.Since every tissue or organ has it special requirement for optimal which indeed to be workout .The most media contains a mixture of inorganic salts (to supply macro and micro elements ),vitamin and sucrose.such medium is commonly called as basal medium . The ability or the capability of a plants cell to develop into...