Mycorrhiza and their importance
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of higher plants .The plants which suffer nutrient scarcity ,especially P and N develops mycorrhiza.
Basically there are 3 types of mycorrhiza
1.Ectomycarrhiza:
It is found among Gymnosperms and Angiosperms .In short roots of higer plants ,generally roots hair are absent .Therefore the roots are infected by mycorrhizal fungi which ,in turn,replace the root hair (if present ) and form a mantle .The hyphae grow intercellularly and develop harting net in cortex.
2.Endomycorrhiza:
The morphology of endomycarrhizal roots after infection and establishment ,remain unchanged .Roots hair develop into a normal way. They also penetrate the cortical cell and get established intracellularly by secreting extracellular enzyme .They are of two types ie
I .A.M. fungi(Arbescular Mycorrhizal fungi)-penetrate and profusely branches .
ii.VAM(Vessicular Arbescular Mycorrhizal fungi)-produced swollen vassical.
3.Ectendomycorrhiza:
In the roots of some of the gymnosperm and angiosperm ,ectotropic fungal infection occur.Hyphare are established intracellularly in cortical cell.
Method of inoculum production
The starter inoculum of VA mycorrhizaal fungi can be isolated from a soil by wet sieving and decantation technique .The spores of mycorrhiza are surface sterilized and brought to the pot culture .commonly used pot substrate are sand and soil(1:1ratio) with the little amount of moisture.There are 2 method of using the inoculum ie
I.using a dried spores-root,soil to plants by placing the inoculum several cm below the seeds and seedling .
ii.using a mixture of soil roots and spores in a soil pellets and spores adhered to seed with adhesives.
Benifits of Mycorrhizal fungi
1.They increase the longevity of feeders roots, surface area of roots by forming a mantle spreading a mucorrhizal into soil.
2.The play the key roli in absorption of immobile(P,Zn,Cu) and mobile (S,Ca,K,Fe,Mn,Cl,Br,N) elements to plants .
3.VAM fungi enhance the water uptake in plants .
4.The increase resistance in plant and reduced the effects of pathogens.
Basically there are 3 types of mycorrhiza
1.Ectomycarrhiza:
It is found among Gymnosperms and Angiosperms .In short roots of higer plants ,generally roots hair are absent .Therefore the roots are infected by mycorrhizal fungi which ,in turn,replace the root hair (if present ) and form a mantle .The hyphae grow intercellularly and develop harting net in cortex.
2.Endomycorrhiza:
The morphology of endomycarrhizal roots after infection and establishment ,remain unchanged .Roots hair develop into a normal way. They also penetrate the cortical cell and get established intracellularly by secreting extracellular enzyme .They are of two types ie
I .A.M. fungi(Arbescular Mycorrhizal fungi)-penetrate and profusely branches .
ii.VAM(Vessicular Arbescular Mycorrhizal fungi)-produced swollen vassical.
3.Ectendomycorrhiza:
In the roots of some of the gymnosperm and angiosperm ,ectotropic fungal infection occur.Hyphare are established intracellularly in cortical cell.
Method of inoculum production
I.using a dried spores-root,soil to plants by placing the inoculum several cm below the seeds and seedling .
ii.using a mixture of soil roots and spores in a soil pellets and spores adhered to seed with adhesives.
Benifits of Mycorrhizal fungi
1.They increase the longevity of feeders roots, surface area of roots by forming a mantle spreading a mucorrhizal into soil.
2.The play the key roli in absorption of immobile(P,Zn,Cu) and mobile (S,Ca,K,Fe,Mn,Cl,Br,N) elements to plants .
3.VAM fungi enhance the water uptake in plants .
4.The increase resistance in plant and reduced the effects of pathogens.
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